Acheson, T.W., "Changing Social Origins of the Canadian Industrial Elite 1880-1910," Business History Review, 47, Summer 1973, 189-217. Studies leading Canadian industrialists in 1880-85 and in 1905-10 showing how such men became increasingly products of an urban environment and how social mobility was narrowed even while strong immigrant ties and distinct regional elites persisted.
Acheson, T.W., Saint John: The Making of a Colonial Urban Community, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1985.
Aitken, H.G.J., "Financing the Welland Canal: An Episode in the History of the St. Lawrence Waterway," Business History Review, 26, September 1952, 135-64. Compares the Welland Canal project to the much more commercially successful Erie Canal in the US and speculates about the relative merits of private and public enterprise in undertaking such projects.
Aitken, H.G.J., "The Family Compact and the Welland Canal Company," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 18, February 1952, 63-76. Studies the effect of the oligarchy in Upper Canada on the province's economic development and specifically the way the Welland Canal Company was established and managed. The effect was stultifying due to the restrictions on upward mobility.
Aitken, H.G.J., "William Hamilton Merritt: A Study in Canadian Entrepreneurship," Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 2, November 1949, 1-23. A prospectus for a Ph.D. dissertation on "the man who built the Welland Canal."
Aitken, H.G.J., The Welland Canal Company: A Study in Canadian Enterprise, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1954.
Akenson, D.H., The Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History, Kingston and Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984.
Ankli, R.E., "The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854," Canadian Journal of Economics, 4, February 1971, 1-20. Reviews previous work including Officer and Smith on the subject and while criticizing their failure to spell out adequately the underlying real forces at work generally concurs with their conclusion that commercial policy was ineffectual.
Armstrong, F.H., "Toronto's First Railway Venture, 1834-1838," Ontario History, 58, March 1966, 21-41. An account of the building of the City of Toronto and Lake Huron Railway (known after 1858 as the Northern Railway), which was completed to Collingwood in 1855 and absorbed by the Grand Trunk in 1888.
Baskerville, P., "Americans in Britain’s Backyard: The Railway Era in Upper Canada 1850-1880," Business History Review, 55, Autumn 1981, 314-36. Contends that the failure of railways in Upper Canada to capture US traffic was due to internal management rivalries which prevented their consolidation into a single system connecting the US eastern seabord to the midwest ¾ not to American influence.
Baskerville, P., "Professional vs. Proprietor: Power Distribution in the Railroad World of Upper Canada/Ontario 1850-1881," Canadian Historical Association Annual Report, 1978. A study of management in the Great Western and the Northern Railway companies. The careers of three senior administrators are examined, revealing that Canadian dependence was fostered by reliance on British talent.
Baskerville, P., The Bank of Upper Canada, Ottawa, Carleton University, 1987.
Bleasdale, R., "Class Conflict on the Canals of Upper Canada in the 1840's," Labour/Le travailleur, 7, Spring 1981, 9-40.
Bliss, M., A Canadian Millionaire: The Life and Business Times of Sir Joseph Flavelle, Bart., Toronto, Macmillan, 1978.
Bliss, M., A Living Profit: Studies in the Social History of Canadian Business 1883 - 1911, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1974.
Bliss, M., Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1987. See especially Chapter 9.
Bliss, M., Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1987. This is now the definitive general reference for this topic. Despite some large omissions (such as agricultural business history) the author provides a broad-ranging, readable history of Canadian business enterprise, in the course of which he debunks much of the popular (and "left-nationalist") view that Canadian business has been unimaginative and backward.
Bordo, M.D., "Monetary Innovation in America: Discussion," Journal of Economic History, 42, March 1982, 31-2. Comments on the article on monetary innovation by Sylla cited below.
Breckenridge, R.M., "The Paper Currencies of New France," Journal of Political Economy, 1, June 1893, 406-31. A comprehensive early survey of the monetary history of New France to 1766. The author is highly critical of the role played by paper currencies.
Careless, J.M.S., "Frontierism, Metropolitanism, and Canadian History," Canadian Historical Review, 35, 1954, 1-21. A review of the several important schools of thought which have dominated Canadian historical writing. The traditional view of the role of the St. Lawrence is summarized as follows: "The commercial empire of the St. Lawrence, the broad domain of Montreal, first flung a Canadian fur trade across the continent, then competed vigorously with New York and the American seaboard through canal and railway enterprises for control of the trade of the midwestern heartland of America, and finally built a new economic dominion across the northwestern plains to the Pacific that was, in fact, the Dominion of Canada. It followed that the existence of a separate Canada was not just a fortuitous result of the American Revolution, of French determination to survive, nor of Loyalist emotional resolves to ‘stay British’ despite the hard facts of the environment nor again of the mere continuance of the imperial tie. It was also rooted in powerful factors of geography and commerce that underlay the whole Canadian development." p.15.
Careless, J.M.S., The Union of the Canadas, Toronto, Macmillan of Canada, 1967.
Carlos, A.M., "Steel Rails versus Iron Rails: Evidence from Canada," Explorations in Economic History, 21, April 1984, 169-75. Unlike US railway companies which were slow to convert from iron to steel rails, in Canada the process was rapid. Steel track amounted to 45 per cent of Canadian mileage in 1875, but 95 per cent in 1890.
Carlos, A.M. and F.D. Lewis, "The Creative Financing of an Unprofitable Enterprise: The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, 1853-1881," Explorations in Economic History, 32(3), July 1995, pp. 273-301. Looks at the reasons this technically advanced but commercially unsound venture survived thanks to the ability of British investors to incorporate into their assessment of the Company's prospects the likelihood of a Canadian government bailout.
Carlos, A.M. and F. Lewis, "The Profitability of Early Canadian Railroads: Evidence from the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railway Companies, in C. Goldin and H. Rockoff, eds., Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogetl, National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1992, pp. 401-26.
Clement, W., Continental Corporate Power: Economic Elite Linkages between Canada and the United States, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1977.
Conrad, A. and J. Myers, "The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South," Journal of Political Economy, 66, April, 1958, 95-130. Was slavery profitable or was it a system doomed to failure by its internal deficiencies? This pioneering study, which marked the beginning of the "cliometric revolution" and the emergence of the "New Economic History", suggests that earlier narrative and non-analytic treatments of the subject which represented slavery as a dying institution were wrong. The evidence is that slavery in America was profitable and viable.
Cowan, H.I., British Immigration before Confederation, Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 22, Ottawa, 1968.
Cowan, H.I., British Immigration to British North America: The First Hundred Years, revised edition, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1961.
Craig, G.M., ed., Lord Durham's Report, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1963.
Craig, G.M., Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784-1841, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1963.
Creighton, D.G., The Empire of the St. Lawrence: A Study in Commerce and Politics, Toronto, Macmillan, 1956. (Originally published as The Commercial Empire of the St. Lawrence, 1760-1850.) The standard reference on this topic was described by the author as "a study in commerce and politics", the purpose of which was "to trace the relations between the commercial system of the St. Lawrence and the political development of Canada." Today Creighton's approach appears to have over-emphasized the role of commercial interests in Canadian development. Michael Bliss in his recent book, Northern Enterprise, has rather harshly condemned it as a romantic vision owing more to literary technique than to basic research.
Cruikshank, Ken, "Taking the Bitter with the Sweet: Sugar Refiners and the Canadian Regulatory State, 1904-20," Canadian Historical Review, 74,3, 1993, 366-94. An examination of the relationship between the sugar refining companies and the government regulatory policies during the period indicated. Contrary to findings of others, notably Tom Traves, who have written on the subject, the author finds that the sugar industry had little effect on these policies. "The Canadian state could be, but frequently was not, the kind of mechanism which the corporate client interpretation portrays. it did not automatically or consistently respond to the demands of a particular industry, help to maintain profit levels, or legitimate their private economic behaviour."
Cruikshank, Ken, "The Intercontinental Railway, Freight Rates and the Maritime Economy," Acadiensis, 22:1, Autumn 1992.
Cruikshank, Ken, "The Transportation Revolution and its Consequences: The Railway Freight Rate Controversy in the Late Nineteenth Century," Historical Papers, 1987.
Currie, A.W., Canadian Economic Development, Toronto, Nelson, 1942.
Currie, A.W., The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1957.
Curtis, C.A., "Evolution of Canadian Banking," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 31, September 1947, 115-24. A brief account of the evolution of Canadian banking from the organization of the Bank of Montreal in 1817 to the establishment of the Bank of Canada. Largely descriptive and uncritical of the system and its operations to the 1940's.
Denison, M., Canada's First Bank: A History of the Bank of Montreal, Montreal, McClelland and Stewart, 1966.
Denison, M., Harvest Triumphant: The Story of Massey-Harris, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1948.
Denison, M., The Barley and the Stream: The Molson Story, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1955.
Desbarats, Catherine, "Agriculture within the Seigneurial Régime of Eighteenth-Century Canada: Some Recent Thoughts on the Literature, Canadian Historical Review, 63, 1, 1992, 1-29. The author finds that determining the extent to which the seigneurial systemT affected agriculture and the incomes of farmers in Quebec is a complex task because of the diversity of the circumstances and alternative approaches which have been taken to studying them.
Easterbrook, W.T. and H.G.J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History, Toronto, Macmillan, 1956. See Chapter 14, "The Coming of the Railway."
Easterbrook, W.T. and H.G.J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History, Toronto, Macmillan, 1956, Chapter 17.
Engerman, S. and R. Fogel, Time on the Cross, Boston, Little-Brown, 1974.
Faucher, A. and M. Lamontagne, "History of Industrial Development," in J.C. Falardeau, Essays on Contemporary Quebec, Quebec, University of Laval Press, 1953, 23-37.
Faucher, A., "Some Aspects of the Financial Difficulties of the Province of Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 26, November 1960, 617-24. Uses correspondence between politicians in the Province of Canada and the colony’s London agents to study the financial problems of the Province in the fifteen years before Confederation. The importance of opinion in Lombard Street is emphasized and related to matters involving the railways, municipal ventures and the operations of the Bank of Upper Canada.
Fogel, R., Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, New York, Norton, 1989. A sequel to Time on the Cross.
Forster, B., A Conjunction of Interests: Business, Politics and Tariffs, 1825-1879, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1986.
Frank, A.G., "The Development of Underdevelopment," in J.D. Cockcroft, A.G. Frank and D.L. Johnson, Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America's Political Economy, New York, Doubleday, 1972.
Galbraith, J.A., The Economics of Banking Operations: A Canadian Study, Montreal, McGill University Press, 1963.
Gerriets, M., "The Rise and Fall of a Free-Standing Company in Nova Scotia: The General Mining Association, " Business History, 34(3), July 1992, pp. 16-48. Explores the reasons for the General Mining Association's lack of innovative behaviour during most of its history, concluding that it was not attributable to its organization as a free-standing company because rival firms which behaved more aggressively were also organized on that basis.
Gerschenkron, A., Economic Backwardness in Historial Perspective, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1962.
Gilmour, J.M., Spatial Evolution of Manufacturing, Southern Ontario, 1851-1891, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972.
Glazebrook, G.P de T., A History of Transportation in Canada, vol. 1, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1964. See especially Chapter 5, "The First Railway Era."
Glazebrook, G.P.de T., A History of Transportation in Canada, vol. 1, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1964. See especially Section 3, "The First Canal Period" in Chapter 3, "Sail and Steam."
Goodrich, C., ed., Canals and American Economic Development, New York, Columbia University Press, 1971.
Gunderson, G., "The Origin of the American Civil War," Journal of Economic History, 34, December 1974, 915-50. Contends that the war came about because the south estimated it would be less costly than abolition and the north thought it would be less costly than compensating the south for abolition. Both underestimated how costly the war would prove to be. Also suggests that the north was more interested in the abolition of slavery than it was in preserving the union.
Harley, C.K., "On the Persistence of Old Techniques: The Case of North American Wooden Shipbuilding," Journal of Economic History, 33, June 1973, 372-98. Finds that a model of a competitive industry with shifting long-term supply curves explains the transition from wood to metal ships and the decline of the North American industry better than a Schumpeterian learning model can.
Harris, R.C., "The French Background of Immigration to Canada before 1700," Cahiers de géographie du Québec, 16, Fall 1972, 313-24. Assembles in quantitative and cartographic form information about 454 French immigrants who arrived in Canada before 1700. About half came from south of the Loire River, many from the valley of the lower Seine between Paris and Le Havre, some from central Normandy. Few were from Brittany, the Massif Central, or the far south, and none were from east of the Rhône. About half (especially women) had come from towns.
Heaton, H., "The Playing Card Currency of French Canada," American Economic Review, 18, December 1928, 649-62. Uses Adam Shortt's newly-published documents on Canadian currency, exchange and finance to write a highly critical assessment of the card money experiment in New France. The costs of it were borne by the citizens who are described as "dumb and illiterate". p. 662.
Henripen, J., "From Acceptance of Nature to Control: The Demography of the French Canadians since the Seventeenth Century," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 23, February 1957, 10-19. Estimates that a woman in New France who married at the age of 15 and lived through her child-bearing years would have had 13 children. This high fertility was encouraged by government policy favouring early marriage which offset to some extent the low rate of immigration. With respect to the latter the author notes that the "populationist" component of French mercantilism favoured the mother country more than the colony, with the result that "emigration from France to Canada amounted only to 10,000 persons for the total period of the French Régime which lasted for 150 years: an average of 66 persons per year." p.11.
Inwood, C., The Canadian Charcoal Iron Industry, New York, Garland, 1986.
Inwood, K.E., "Maritime Industrialization from 1870 to 1910: A Review of the Evidence and Its Interpretation," Acadiensis, 21, 1, Autumn 1991, 132-55. A much broader analysis of industrialization than the title suggests, this paper examines the industrial development of the Maritimes in the context of industrialization in the rest of Canada, the US and Britain. The author shows that the weakness of Maritime industrial development was already evident before Confederation. Factories were smaller, household production survived longer, factor productivity and wages were relatively low. Although the industrial sector continued to grow, it did so at rate much lower than that achieved elsewhere in Canada. In particular the Maritime manufacturers missed out on the wheat boom in the 1890s.
James, J., "The Welfare Effects of the Antebellum Tariff," Explorations in Economic History, 15, July 1978, 231-56. A technically difficult article demonstrating the negative effects of the US tariff policy on the American south.
Jamieson, A.B., Chartered Banking in Canada, Toronto, Ryerson, 1953.
Keefer, T.C., Philosophy of Railways, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972. Originally published in 1849, reprinted with additional material and an introduction by H.V. Nelles.
Landon, F., "Canadian Opinion of Southern Secession, 1860-1861," Canadian Historical Review, 1, September 1920, 255-66. Under the sway of Uncle Tom's Cabin and other anti-slavery influences, Canadians generally supported the anti-slavery cause, but they were also fearful of the military buildup in the north.
Landon, F., "The American Civil War and Canadian Confederation," Royal Society of Canada, Transactions, 3rd Series, 21, 1927, 55-6.
Landon, F., Western Ontario and the American Frontier, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1967.
Legget, R.F., The Canals of Canada, Vancouver, Douglas, David and Charles, 1976.
MacDonald, L. R., "Merchants Against Industry: An Idea and Its Origins," Canadian Historical Review, 56, September 1975, 263-81. Summarizes the Naylor thesis and criticizes it arguing that merchant and manufacturing enterprises were intermingled and businessmen moved easily between trading and industrial pursuits. Discusses older versions of the same idea.
Macdonald, N., Canada: Immigration and Colonization 1841-1903, Toronto, Macmillan, 1966.
Macmillan, D.S., ed., Canadian Business History: Selected Studies, 1497 to the Present, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1972.
Masters, D.C., The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1963.
Masters, D.C., The Rise of Toronto 1850-1890, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1947.
McCalla, D., The Upper Canada Trade, 1834-1872: A Study of the Buchanans' Business, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1979.
McCallum, J., Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1980.
McCullough, A.B., Money and Exchange in Canada to 1900, Toronto, Dundurn Press, 1984.
McDowall, D., Steel at the Sault: Francis H. Clergue, Sir James Dunn, and the Algoma Steel Corporation, 1901-1956, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1984.
McIlwraith, T.F., "Freight Capacity and Utilization of the Erie and Great Lakes Canals before 1850," Journal of Economic History, 37, December 1976, 852-75. British canal projects would have been justified if Britain had been the nearest major market for agricultural output, but they were not appropriate as a means of supplying the eastern US markets with produce from the "Old Northwest".
McInnis, R.M., "Childbearing and Land Availability: Some Evidence from Individual Household Data," in R.D. Lee, ed., Population Patterns in the Past, New York, Academic Press, 1977, 201-28. Reviews theoretical determinants of family size in relation to household behaviour in circumstances that vary with land availability and the relationship between frontier agricultural communities and the national economy. Presents data which show that the higher fertility in frontier areas was not merely the result of population composition.
McKee, S., "Canada's Bid for the Traffic of the Middle West," Canadian Historical Association Report, 1940, 26-35. An account of the effort to make the St. Lawrence route the conduit for commerce between the American mid-west and the Atlantic.
McLean, S.J., "An Early Chapter in Canadian Railroad Policy," Journal of Political Economy, 6, June 1898, 323-52. Discusses legislation relating to the Champlain and St. Lawrence project and other early railways in Nova Scotia and the St. Lawrence region.
McLean, S.J., "The Railway Policy of Canada, 1849 to 1867," Journal of Political Economy, Part I, 9, March 1901, 191-217; Part II, June 1901, 351-83. An early, detailed account of Canadian railway construction before Confederation, with particular attention to the Grand Trunk project.
Muise, D.A., "The Industrial Context of Inequality: Female Participation in Nova Scotia's Paid Labour Force, 1871-1921," Acadiensis, 20:2, Spring 1991.
Myers, G.A., A History of Canadian Wealth, Toronto, James Lewis and Samuel, 1972. A cult classic.
Naylor, R.T., "The Rise and Fall of the Third Commercial Empire of the St. Lawrence," in G. Teeple, ed., Capitalism and the National Question, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972. The paper begins with the assertion that "...conventional liberal studies have failed to give explicit consideration to the peculiarities of the Canadian capitalist class and Marxist studies have misinterpreted its character. By comprehending this class as a mercantile one, accumulating wealth through circulation rather than production, one realizes that the dominance of a few staple trades leads not to independent capitalist development, but to the perpetuation of colonialism and underdevelopment." p.1.
Naylor, R.T., The History of Canadian Business: 1867-1914, 2 vols., Toronto, Lorimer, 1975.
Nelles, H.V., "Commerce in a Cold Climate: Bliss on Canadian Business History," Business History Review, 62, Summer 1988, 310-16. A review of Professor Bliss' history of Canadian business, Northern Enterprise.
Neufeld, E.P., ed., Money and Banking in Canada: Historical Documents and Commentary, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1964.
Neufeld, E.P., The Financial System of Canada: Its Growth and Development, Toronto, Macmillan, 1972.
Officer, L.H. and L. Smith, "The Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 to 1866," Journal of Economic History, 28, December 1968, 598-623. Shows that contrary to the accepted view the treaty did not necessarily benefit Canada, did not on its own appreciably increase Canadian trade and that what increase did occur was not entirely beneficial from the standpoint of Canadian welfare.
Paquet, G. and J-P Wallot, "The Lower Canadian Financial System at the Turn of the 19th Century," L'actualité economique, 59, September 1983, 456-513. A summary of a French language article setting out the principal features of the developing financial institutions in Lower Canada.
Passell, P., "The Impact of Cotton Land Distribution on the Antebellum Economy," Journal of Economic History, 31, December 1971, 917-37. An econometric study of the possible effects of the sale of public land for use in cotton production on the economy of the south.
Pentland, H.C., Labour and Capital in Canada, 1650-1860, Toronto, James Lorimer, 1981. Edited and with a useful introduction by Paul Phillips.
Porter, G. and R. Cuff, eds., Enterprise and National Development: Essays in Canadian Business and Economic History, Toronto, Hakkert, 1973.
Redish, A., "The Economic Crisis of 1837-1839 in Upper Canada: Case Study of the Temporary Suspension of Specie Payment," Explorations in Economic History, 20, October 1983, 402-17. Examines monetary behaviour in Upper Canada during the suspension of specie payments 1837-39 and suggests that the volume of the money stock was explained by the profit- maximizing behaviour of the banks.
Redish, A., "Why was Specie Scarce in Colonial Economies? ¾ An Analysis of the Canadian Currency 1796-1830," Journal of Economic History, 44, September 1984, 713-28. Rejects external drain or mercantilist paranoia as reasons for specie scarcity attributing it instead to the multi-coin monetary standard imposed by the currency laws and the operation of Gresham's law ¾ quality money was scarce.
Ross, Eric, Full of Hope and Promise: The Canadas in 1841, Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.
Ross, V., A History of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, 2 vols., Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1920.
Rudin, R., Banking en français: The French Banks of Quebec, 1835-1925, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1985.
Saunders, S.A., "The Maritime Provinces and the Reciprocity Treaty," Dalhousie Review, 14, 1934-35, 355-71. Contends that it was other favourable circumstances and not the treaty itself which led to the view that the Maritimes benefited greatly from reciprocity and that their subsequent problems were substantially due to its abrogation.
Saunders, S.A., "The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854: A Regional Study," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 2, February 1936, 41-53. Examines gains to Canada and the Maritimes associated with the increased volume of trade noting that the Maritimes gained more from access to cheaper US goods than from the enlarged markets for their exports, unlike the Province of Canada.
Schull, J. and J.D. Gibson, The Scotiabank Story: A History of the Bank of Nova Scotia, 1832-1982, Toronto, Macmillan, 1982.
Schull, J., One Hundred Years of Banking: A History of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, Toronto, Copp Clark, 1958.
Shortt, A., Documents Relating to Canadian Currency, Exchange and Finance during the French Period, Ottawa, King's Printer, 1926.
Sinclair, B. and others, Let Us Be Honest and Modest: Technology and Society in Canadian History, Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1974.
Spelt, J., Urban Development of South-Central Ontario, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1972. Published as a Carleton Library paperback, No.57. Chapter 5, "The Rise of Manufacturing," is particularly useful.
Sylla, R., "Monetary Innovation in America," Journal of Economic History, 42, March 1982, 21-30. Argues that as an economy grows, so does the demand for money. In the 18th and 19th centuries the inelastic supplies of metallic monies led people to create new forms. This "monetary innovation" enabled the financing of development, but also created greater risks of instability and this was responsible for increasing efforts at regulation.
Teeple, G., ed., Capitalism and the National Question in Canada, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972.
Traves, T., "Security without Regulation," in M.S. Cross and G.S. Kealey, eds., The Consolidation of Capitalism 1886-1929, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1983, 19-44. "Given their unwillingness to reject economies of scale or change property relations, manufacturers opted to support the factory welfare movement." Inherent contradictions were transformed into "industrial relations problems".
Traves, T., ed., Essays in Canadian Business History, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1984.
Traves, T., The State and Enterprise: Canadian Manufacturers and the Federal Government 1917-31, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1979.
Trigge, A., A History of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, 1919-1930, Toronto, Canadian Bank of Commerce, 1934.
Tucker, G.N., "The Famine Immigration to Canada, 1847," American Historical Review, 36, April 1931, 533-491. "In the 1840's the bulk of the immigration to British America was coming to Canada. When the decade was two-thirds over, circumstances arose which for the time being converted this normal and healthful infusion of population into a menace and a curse." p.533.
Tucker, G.N., The Canadian Commercial Revolution, 1846-1851, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1964. Examines effects of British economic policies on North American business.
Tulchinsky, G.J.J., The River Barons: Montreal Businessmen and the Growth of Industry and Transportation, 1837-53, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1977.
Weiss, R.W., "The Issue of Paper Money in the American Colonies 1720-1774," Journal of Economic History, 30, December 1970, 770-84. The author finds that the money supply in most of the colonies was badly managed. Most of the issues of paper money were used to finance fiscal deficits. Specie continued to be the most important medium of exchange and there is little evidence that it was in short supply due to any external drain.
Wilkins, M., The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1970.
Wilkins, M., The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1974.
Young, B., Promoters and Politicians: The North Shore Railways in the History of Quebec, 1854-1885, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1978.
RETURN to previous page.