The University of Toronto. 1967 - 1972.

Associate Professor with tenure; same, 1972 to 1992

Professor, same, 1992 to date.

Visiting Professor; [Antropologia Social e Antropologia do Direito]. Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1974.

Professor Adjunto; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, 1975 & 1977.

Visiting Scholar, First Dona Patricia Bildner Foundation Scholar [Fundação D. Patricia Bildner]; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Direito, Largo de São Francisco, São Paulo.

Professor Adjunto, convidado na Faculdade de Pos-Graduação; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, U.F.R.G.S., Porto Alegre, Brazil, 1981-1983 and 1985-8.

Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, Núcleo de Estudos da Violência (NEV) of the Universidade de São Paulo July to September, 1996 also

Laboratory Assistant, Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, - 1956-8

Research Assistant in the Department of Haematology: Stanford University School of Medicine 1960.

Participant in the XIV Bienal de São Paulo: "Mutirão Seca" of Percival Tirapeli, 1977.

      All of my anthropological research has been carried out in Latin America, principally Brazil. My original doctoral research was a community restudy. A year and a half in a community, Cunha, first studied by a team from the Universidade de São Paulo, headed by Prof. Emilio Willems. I have maintained contact with this community for more than thirty years and returned for several months in 1992 to examine the changes which have occurred in this region in the past generation.

      In 1970 I became interested in the institutions which link rural and urban regions. I Spent a few months time on cooperatives, but eventually settled down on extensive research on law and legal institutions in Brazil. While teaching in Porto Alegre at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in 1980-2, I decided to take advantage of the location to study aspects of the Gaúcho culture and traditions. I then decided to return to research on Legal Anthropology and Comparative Law as the more fundamental problem. In Porto Alegre I decided to try to study customary law and the impact of legal institutions from an urban perspective, using the community study method. I received two grants to for this re-search working with Profa. Claudia Fonseca and three students from the U.F.R.G.S. This research was carried out from 1986-1988 although Claudia's group has continued work in the same community, and through them I have kept contact with this community. In 1990 I was able to return briefly to Porto Alegre and also initiated comparative work with the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro. I returned to São Paulo in the summer of 1991 to continue my comparative studies on shantytown organization in the different cities of Brazil. At this time as well I became interested in Afro-Brazilian Religion as a force in organizing communities in poor communities and spend some time visiting a Terreiro of Batuque in the Periphery of Porto Alegre, a group which I have revisited many times. On my Sabbatical year of 1993-4 I continued this research in the cities of São Paulo and Porto Alegre, as well as revisiting Cunha for four months. On my return to Toronto in 1994 I started an association with the Centre of Criminology of my university with their interests in police reform and community governance and policing. In the summer of 1996 I was invited to work for two months as a Rockefeller fellow at the Núcleo de Estudos da Violência (NEV) of the University of São Paulo. The study of alternative legal organization forms my current basic interest. This includes work with local religions and community organizations.